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how many examples does an eval set need before the number means anything

12 is not nothing. 12 is a smoke test and you should keep it as one, because it runs in forty seconds and it catches the catastrophic changes. What it cannot do is detect a small regression: one flipped case is eight points, exactly as you noticed.

The shape teams actually maintain, roughly:

  • 10 to 20 canary cases that run on every prompt edit, in CI, in seconds
  • 100 to 200 curated cases run before a release, covering each failure mode you have genuinely seen in production
  • a continuous trickle of sampled real traces, labelled as they come

But the count matters much less than the composition. 200 cases that are all happy-path questions tell you almost nothing. 60 cases where 25 of them are things that actually broke in production is a real instrument. Build the set out of your bug reports and support messages, not out of imagination.

And be honest about what you can detect. At an 80% pass rate with 100 cases you can see a 10 point regression clearly and a 3 point one not at all. Decide which one you care about, then size for that, and stop treating the pass rate as a number with three significant figures.

121 · in/llm-cost-and-evals ·